Effects of microRNA-136 on melanoma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by targetting PMEL through the Wnt signaling pathway

The study aims to evaluate the effects of miR-136 on the proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of melanoma cells by targetting premelanosome protein (PMEL) through the Wnt signaling pathway. After establishment of melanoma mouse models, melanoma (model group) and normal tissues (normal group) were collected. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine PMEL protein concentration. Mouse melanoma cells were assigned into control, blank, negative control (NC), miR-136 mimics, miR-136 inhibitors, siRNA-PMEL, and miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL, LiC1 (Wnt signaling pathway activator), and siRNA-PMEL+ LiCl groups. MTT, Scratch test, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were performed to measure cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were performed to evaluate miR-136, PMEL, β-catenin, Wnt3a, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin expressions. PMEL is highly expressed in melanoma tissues. MiR-136, Bax, Caspase, and E-cadherin expressions decreased in the model group, whereas PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin expressions increased. Bax, Caspase, and E-cadherin expressions increased in the miR-136 mimics and siRNA-PMEL groups, whereas the expressions decreased in the miR-136 inhibitors group and LiC1 group. PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin expressions, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion decreased, and the apoptosis rate inceased in the miR-136 mimics and siRNA-PMEL groups; whereas the tendencies were opposite to those in the miR-136 inhibitors group and LiC1 group. In the siRNA-PMEL+ LiCl group, PMEL expression decreased. These findings indicated that overexpression of miR-136 inhibits melanoma cell EMT, proliferation, migration, invasion, and promotes apoptosis by targetting PMEL through down-regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.


Introduction
Melanoma is a type of tumor cells that originates from melanocytes and it primarily develops in skin [1]. It has been reported that the main reasons for melanoma are genetic factors and UV radiation exposure [2]. In recent years, the incidence of melanoma has increased worldwide [3]. Approximately 200000 people are diagnosed with melanoma annually; melanoma causes approximately 80% deaths related to skin cancer [4,5]. Till date, although several therapeutic treatment options are available for melanoma such as chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy, still the 5-year survival rate after operation is only 5-10% because of melanoma metastasis in those patients who underwent surgery [6,7]. Therefore, it is important to further investigate new preventive strategies and therapeutic methods to treat melanoma. In recent years, substantial studies revealed that miRNAs have an indispensable role in melanoma prognosis and metastasis [8].
MiRNAs refer to small non-coding RNA molecules, which induce gene silencing by degrading mRNAs or inhibiting translation by binding the 3 -UTR of its target gene [9]. Accumulated evidence revealed that miRNAs play vital roles in various biological processes, such as cellular proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis [10,11]. A study investigated that miRNAs and miRNA-target genes significantly influence human melanoma [12]. Premelanosome protein (PMEL), also known as PMEL17, silver, and gp100, is a kind of amyloidogenic protein, which is only expressed in pigment cells and causes the formation of physiological amyloid in melanosomes [13,14]. A recent study revealed that the critical PMEL domain had a significant impact on the formation of melanoma [15]. Wnt proteins constitute a family of secreted signaling molecules, regulating highly conserved pathways essential for development and drive oncogenesis in multiple human cancers when aberrantly activated [16]. In addition, it has been reported that the Wnt pathways serve as a potential target for treating cancers, because Wnts and downstream effectors play a crucial role in a variety of processes that are significant for cancer progression, such as metastasis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis [17][18][19]. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the modulatory effects of miR-136 on the cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and apoptosis of mouse melanoma cells by targetting PMEL through Wnt signaling pathway.

Experimental animals
Forty male Kunming mice (aging 3-month-old and weighing 20 + − 2 g; specific-pathogen-free) were acquired from the Experimental Animal Center of Southern Medical University. All mice were acclimatized to laboratory conditions (1 week before the experiment): the humidity was 50-60% (22-24 • C), the diurnal cycle was 12 h, with free access to food and water. All experimental procedures were strictly in accordance with the management and principles of use of the local experimental animals and abide by the Declaration of Helsinki.

Selection of melanoma cell lines
The melanoma cell lines B16, A375, WM239, and WM451 were purchased from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 culture medium (SP1355, Shanghai Shifeng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) containing 10% FBS (Hyclone, Logan, Utah, U.S.A.), 100 U/ml of penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin, and incubated at 37 • C in a constant-temperature incubator (DHP-9162, Shanghai Jiecheng Lab Instruments Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) along with 5% CO 2 . Fresh culture medium was replaced every 1 or 2 days. Once the cell confluence reached 80-90%, the cells were subcultured, and the third-generation cells were incorporated in further experimentation.
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine miR-136 expression in the B16, A375, WM239, and WM451 cells. The total RNA was extracted with a TRIzol Extraction Kit (15596-018, Invitrogen, CA, U.S.A.). The ratio of A 260 /A 280 and RNA concentration were measured by a Nanodrop Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (2000, Thermo, Waltham, MA, U.S.A.), and the extracted RNA was preserved at -80 • C. Reverse transcription was performed by First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (RR037A, Takara Biotechnology Inc., Dalian, China) to prepare the cDNA. The qRT-PCR RNA Test Kit was purchased from Applied Biosystems (NY, U.S.A.). The qRT-PCR experiment was conducted using an AM 1005 qRT-PCR system (AM1005, Invitrogen, CA, U.S.A.). Reaction conditions for miR-136 were as follows: predenaturation at 95 • C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles denaturation at 95 • C for 15 s, annealing at 60 • C for 30 s,and extension at 72 • C for 60 s. U6 was set as an internal reference for miR-136 measurement. The relative expression of target gene [20] was measured by the 2 − C t method: C t = C t (target gene) (control group) -C t (internal reference) (case group).

Establishment of melanoma mouse models
Twenty mice were selected on random to establish melanoma mouse models (model group). The fur on left hind paw of the mouse was shaved off with a pair of ophthalmic scissors, followed by skin disinfection with 75% ethanol. B16 cells (1 × 10 5 ) were extracted. The cell suspension (0.2 ml) was injected into the subcutaneous tissues of left hind paw. When the inoculated tumor cells became active tumor and its diameter reached close to 0.6 cm, the mice were killed and the tumor mass was separated. Another 20 mice were included in the normal group.

Immunohistochemistry
The tissue samples were fixed with 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections (4 μm) were prepared, and were placed in an incubator at 60 • C for 1 h. After drying, the sections were dewaxed by xylene three times, 10 min per time, and were then dehydrated by gradient alcohol of 95, 80, and 75% for 1 min, respectively. After washing with water for 1 min, the sections were incubated in 3% H 2 O 2 (84885, Sigma, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.) at 37 • C for 30 min followed by another wash with PBS for 3 min, after which the sections were boiled in citrate buffer (0.01 M) at 95 • C for 20 min. After the sections cooled down to room temperature, they were washed with PBS. The sections were blocked with normal sheep serum at 37 • C for 10 min, and the primary antibody rabbit anti-mouse PMEL (dilution 1:500, ab137078, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.) was added. The sections were incubated at 4 • C overnight, and washed with PBS. The secondary antibody goat anti-rabbit with horseradish peroxidase (DF7852, Shanghai Yaoyun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was added to the samples followed by an incubation at room temperature for 30 min, then coloring with DAB (ab64238, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.). The samples were counterstained with Hematoxylin, and mounted. The primary antibody was replaced by PBS as the negative control (NC), and the normal mucous membrane was set as the positive control. Five high magnification (400×) views were selected on random in each slice. In each field, 100 cells were counted and the score was determined by the percentage of positive cells [21]. A cell was considered as positive (+) if the ratio between positive cells and total cells was over 10%, while the cell was considered negative (-) if the ratio between positive cells and total cells was less than or equal to 10%.

Cell grouping and transfection
The cells were assigned into control (subcutaneous cells from normal mice), blank (transfected with no sequence), NC (transfected with miR-136 NC), miR-136 mimics (transfected with miR-136 mimics), miR-136 inhibitors (transfected with miR-136 inhibitors), siRNA-PMEL (transfected with siRNA-PMEL), miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL (transfected with miR-136 inhibitors and siRNA-PMEL), LiC1 (treated with Wnt signaling pathway activator) and siRNA-PMEL + LiCl groups. MiR-136 mimic served as a type of endogenous miRNAs, which could enhance the expression function of the endogenous miR-136 [22]. MiR-136 inhibitor is a chemically modified inhibitor special to the specific target miR-136 in cells [23]. Treated cells were seeded in a six-well plate 24 h before transfection. When the cell density grew to approximately 30-50%, the cells were transfected according to the instructions of Lipofectamine 2000 (11668-019, Invitrogen, CA, U.S.A.). Melanoma cells from the LiC1 group in the logarithmic growth phase were extracted and treated with 30 mmol/l LiCl for 1 day. In other groups, 250 μl serum-free Opti-MEM (51985042, Gibco, Gaitherburg, MD, U.S.A.) was applied to dilute 100 pmol blank, NC, miR-136 mimics, miR-136 inhibitors, miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL, and siRNA-PMEL (50 nM as the final concentration), and cells were mixed and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. The 250 μl serum-free Opti-MEM was applied to dilute 5 μl of Lipofectamine 2000 and cells were mixed and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Both the aforementioned cells were mixed, incubated at room temperature for 20 min, and added into the well of a cell-culture plate. Cells were cultured at 37 • C with 5% CO 2 for 6-8 h, and then the medium was replaced. After culturing for 24-48 h, the cells were used for further experimentation.

Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay
The biological prediction website www.microRNA.org was used for the target gene analysis of miR-163 and to verify if PMEL was the direct target gene of miR-136. The target sequence and mutant sequence were designed according to the sequence of PMEL mRNA in 3 -UTR binding to miR-136. After the chemosynthesis of the target sequence, restriction sites XhoI and NotI were added on each side, and cloned into PUC57 vector. Following the detection of positive clones and recombinant plasmids by DNA sequencing methods, the synthesized segment was subcloned into psiCHECK-2 vector, and was transfected by bacillus coli DH5α cells to intensify the vectors. The plasmids were extracted according to the instructions of the Omega Plasmid Mini Reagent Kit. The cells were seeded in a six-well plate with two plasmids, 10 5 /well. After cell attachment, the cells were transfected according to the aforementioned methods. After successful transfection, the cells were acquired and cultured for 48 h. The changes in luciferase activity of PMEL 3 -UTR, which were affected by miR-136 were detected according to the method of the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay Reagent Kit provided by Genecopoeia (MD, U.S.A.). GloMax 20/20 Luminometer Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, U.S.A.) was used for testing the activity of dual luciferase. Each experiment was repeated thrice.

MTT assay
After 48 h of cell transfection, cells were collected for cell count. The cells were seeded in a 96-well plate with a cell density of 3 × 10 3 to 6 × 10 3 cells in each well (0.1 ml; with six repeating wells). Experiments were conducted at 24, 48, and 72 h. The cells were cultured with MTT (5 mg/ml) at 37 • C for 2 h. After extracting culture supernatant, 150 μl DMSO was introduced in each well. ELISA (NYW-96M, Beijing NYAW Instrument Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was performed to test the absorbance value of each well. The optical density (OD) value of each hole at 570-nm site was measured. Each experiment was repeated thrice. The cell viability curve was drawn with the OD value set as the ordinate and the time point as the abscissa.

Scratch test
Forty-eight hours after transfection, the cells were seeded in a six-well plate. DMEM serum-free medium was used after cell attachment. When the cell confluence reached close to 90-100%, spearhead (10 μl) was used to scratch the six-well plate perpendicular to its bottom, approximately 4-5 lines per well, to assure that the width of all the scratches was uniform. After washing with PBS three times, the scratched cells were removed and were cultured in an incubator. Scratch distance was determined under an inverted microscope at 0 and 24 h, and several fields were selected on random to take pictures. Three wells were set in each well and the experiment was repeated thrice.

Transwell assay
Cells transfected for 48 h were digested in serum-free medium after starving for 24 h, and were washed with PBS twice. Then, the cells were then resuspended in serum-free medium Opti-MEMI (31985008, Nanjing SenBeiJia Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China) containing BSA (10 g/l) to adjust the cell concentration to 3 × 10 4 cells/ml. Transwell chambers were placed in a 24-well plate. The diluted Matrigel (40111ES08, Shanghai YASEN Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) solution (1:8) was added in the upper chamber of basement membrane, and dried at room temperature. After digestion, the cells in the control, blank, NC, miR-136 mimics, miR-136 inhibitors, siRNA-PMEL, and miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL groups were washed with PBS twice. Cells were resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium, and cell density was adjusted to 1 × 10 5 cells/ml. Cell suspension (200 μl) was added into the upper Transwell chamber coated with Matrigel, and RPMI 1640 medium (600 μl) with 20% FBS was introduced in the lower chamber. After culturing for 24 h, once the Transwell chamber was removed, cells on the internal surface of the lower chamber were wiped off with cotton buds. Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, followed by staining with 0.5 Crystal Violet solution (made up with methanol) for 15 min, and washing with PBS three times. Cells were photographed under an inverted microscope (XDS-800D, Shanghai Caikon Optical Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) for five randomly selected views. The number of cells migrating through the Transwell chamber membrane was counted. Three wells were set in each group, and the experiment was repeated thrice to calculate the average value.

Flow cytometry
After 48 h of transfection, the cells were collected, washed with PBS thrice, and centrifuged. The supernatant was discarded and the cells were resuspended in PBS after which they were readjusted to a concentration of approximately 1 × 10 5 /ml. The cells were fixed in 75% ethanol (-20 • C precooled, 1 ml) at 4 • C for 1 h, centrifuged for removing ice ethanol, washed with PBS twice, added with 100 μl RNase A, and kept away from light. The cells were allowed to rest in a water bath at 37 • C for 30 min, and 400 μl PI (Sigma, SF, U.S.A.) was used for staining and mixing. After protecting the cells from direct light at 4 • C for 30 min, flow cytometry was adopted to test the cell cycle by detecting red fluorescence at the excitation wavelength of 488 nm.

Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.). All measurement data were presented as mean + − S.D. One-way factor ANOVA was applied for comparison amongst multiple groups and t test was employed for comparing between two groups. P<0.05 was considered to be significantly different.

Histopathological observations
The findings of Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining ( Figure 1) showed that compared with the control group, cells in the model group varied greatly in terms of size, with large volume and irregular shapes. Small amounts of melanin granules were observed in the cytoplasm of cells. Necrosis was observed in a large part of melanoma tissues, and a few inflammatory cells infiltrated melanoma mesenchyme and its peripheral tissues.

Positive expressions of PMEL in melanoma tissues
Immunohistochemistry showed that PMEL protein in melanoma tissues was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. The positive particles were brownish in color. The positive rate of PMEL protein in the normal group was (25.23 + − 2.48)%, while the positive rate of PMEL protein in the model group was (80.18 + − 6.24)%, which clearly indicated that the positive rate of PMEL protein in the normal group was much lower than that in the model group (P<0.05) (Figure 2).

Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin in the normal group and model group
The results of qRT-PCR indicated that compared with the normal group, expressions of miR-136, Bax, Caspase, and E-cadherin significantly decreased in the model group, while the expressions of PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin significantly increased (P<0.05).
The results of Western blotting showed that compared with the normal group, the expressions of Bax, Caspase, and E-cadherin significantly decreased in the model group, whereas the expressions of PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin significantly increased (P<0.05) (Figure 3).

miR-136 specifically targetted PMEL
According to the online analysis software, there is a specific binding region between the PMEL gene sequence and miR-136 sequence, therefore PMEL is one target gene of miR-136 ( Figure 4A). Luciferase assay was conducted to testify if PMEL was the target gene of miR-136 ( Figure 4B). Compared with the NC group, the luciferase activity of wild-type Wt-miR-136/PMEL was inhibited in the miR-136 mimics group (P<0.05), whereas the mutant 3 -UTR  showed no significant changes (P>0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that miR-136 can specifically bind to the PMEL gene.

The miR-136 expression and mRNA expressions of Bax, Caspase, E-cadherin, PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin in each group
The expression of miR-136 in melanoma cell lines (B16, A375, WM239, and WM451) were evaluated by qRT-PCR. MiR-136 was expressed in melanoma cell lines with different degrees, and the B16 cells with highest expression were chosen for further investigation (P<0.05) ( Figure 5).
In the model group, there was no obvious difference in the miR-136 expression and mRNA expressions of Bax, Caspase, E-cadherin, PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin between the blank group and NC group (P>0.05).

Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin in each group after transfection
The findings of Western blotting ( Figure 6) showed that compared with the control group, the protein expressions of Bax, Caspase, and E-cadherin in the other groups significantly decreased (all P<0.05), whereas the protein expressions of PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin significantly increased (all P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the blank group and NC group (P>0.05). In comparison with the blank and NC groups, the protein expressions of Bax, Caspase, and E-cadherin significantly increased in the miR-136 mimics group and siRNA-PMEL group (all P<0.05), while the mRNA expressions of PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin significantly decreased (all P<0.05). The protein expressions of Bax, Caspase, and E-cadherin significantly decreased in the miR-136 inhibitors group (all P<0.05), while the protein expressions of PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin significantly increased (all P<0.05). There were no significant changes in the protein expressions of Bax, Caspase, E-cadherin, PMEL, β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin in the miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL group (all P>0.05). The protein expressions of Bax, Caspase, and E-cadherin significantly decreased in the LiC1 group (all P<0.05), while the protein expressions of β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin significantly increased (all P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in PMEL expression (P>0.05). In the siRNA-PMEL + LiC1 group, the PMEL expression decreased, while there was no significant change in other indexes (all P>0.05).

miR-136 inhibited cell proliferation of B16 cells
In comparison with the control group, the OD value increased at 48 and 72 h amongst the blank, NC, miR-136 mimics, siRNA-PMEL, and miR-136 inhibitors groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the blank group and NC group, the OD value increased in the miR-136 inhibitors group and LiC1 group at 48 and 72 h after transfection, whereas it decreased in the miR-136 mimics group and siRNA-PMEL group (all P<0.05). There was no significant change in OD value between the miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL group and siRNA-PMEL+ LiCl group (both P>0.05) (Figure 7).

miR-136 inhibited cell migration of B16 cells
The results (Figure 8) showed that there was no evident difference in cell migration between the blank group and NC group (both P>0.05). In comparison with the control group, cell migration was stimulated in the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group and NC group, cell migration was significantly inhibited in the miR-136 mimics group and siRNA-PMEL group (both P<0.05), whereas it was stimulated in the miR-136 inhibitors group and LiC1 group (both P<0.05). No significant change was observed in the miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL group and siRNA-PMEL + LiCl group (both P>0.05).

miR-136 inhibited cell invasion of B16 cells
There was no evident difference in cell invasion between the blank group and NC group (both P>0.05). In comparison with the control group, cell invasion was stimulated in the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group and NC group, cell invasion was significantly inhibited in the miR-136 mimics group and siRNA-PMEL group (both P<0.05), while it was stimulated in the miR-136 inhibitors group and LiC1 group (both P<0.05). No significant change was observed in the miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL group and siRNA-PMEL + LiCl group (both P>0.05) (Figure 9).

miR-136 promoted cell apoptosis of B16 cells
In comparison with the control group, the apoptosis rate significantly and successively decreased in the blank, NC, miR-136 mimics, miR-136 inhibitors, siRNA-PMEL, and miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the NC and blank groups, apoptosis rate significantly increased in the miR-136 mimics group and LiCi group (both P<0.05), while it evidently decreased in the miR-136 mimics group and siRNA-PMEL + LiC1 group (both P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in apoptosis rate between the miR-136 inhibitors + siRNA-PMEL, blank, and NC groups (all P>0.05) (Figure 11).

Discussion
EMT is a common life-threatening melanoma, characterized by poor prognosis for patients [5]. It has been reported that deregulation of miRNAs is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancer [24]. To elucidate the mechanism of miR-136 in melanoma, the present study was performed to examine the modulatory effects of miR-136 by targetting PMEL via down-regulation of Wnt signaling pathway in mouse melanoma cells. Collectively, the study came to a conclusion that miR-136 could attenuate cell proliferation and EMT, and stimulate apoptosis of mouse melanoma cells by targetting PMEL via down-regulation of Wnt signaling pathway.
The present study showed that decreased miR-136 in mouse melanoma cells, was linked to the occurrence and development of melanoma. A previous study investigated that there are approximately half the number of miRNAs located in the chromosomal areas, which are amplified or deleted frequently in human cancer cells [25]. MiRNAs, relying on their downstream targets, are able to inhibit oncogenes [26]. Some miRNA family members have been proven to inhibit melanoma cell proliferation and invasion by regulating their target genes [27,28]. Our current data revealed that up-expressed miR-136 inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and stimulated apoptosis. Moreover, accumulated evidence showed that miR-136 served as a suppressor in the occurrence and development of various human cancers, and it may provide a therapeutic method in predicting and treating human cancers [29,30]. For instance, Haapa-Paananen et al. [31] investigated that miR-136 reduced in human glioma cells and stimulated cell apoptosis of glioma cells via inhibition of AEG-1 and Bcl-2 [32]. A previous study showed that miR-136 had a tumor-suppressive impact on breast cancer cells by targetting PTEN, a tumor inhibitor [33].
Our findings signified that PMEL expression was much higher in melanoma tissues compared with normal tissues, and miR-136 suppressed mRNA and protein expressions of PMEL. PMEL is a type of transmembrane glycoprotein, which plays an important role in normal melanosome biogenesis pathway [34]. The present study also indicated that in the siRNA-PMEL group melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion significantly reduced, while the rate of apoptosis increased. It is known that PMEL has a crucial role in the maturation of melanosome, which emphasizes on the different levels of hypopigmentation of PMEL mutations in animal models [35]. A previous study showed that the genetic mutations directly effected melanosomal function, which consequently not only effected pigment cell migration, differentiation, and survival, but also impacted the interference of biogenesis of melanoma, transfer to keratinocytes, and then into color variations of skin, eyes, or hair [36]. It has been previously investigated that melanosome elongation is vital for PMEL-dependent fibril formation during biogenesis of mammalian melanosome in melanocytes, which showed that PMEL had a crucial impact on melanoma formation [37,38]. Therefore, the present study reveals that targetting PMEL may provide a promising method for treating melanoma.
Our study also showed that miR-136 inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of β-catenin, Bcl-2, Wnt3a, and N-cadherin. The Wnt signaling pathway comprises a large number of ligands, which are signaling molecules in cell's fate determination and can be assigned to receptors, co-receptors, and regulatory components [39][40][41]. The Wnt pathway has an effect on various cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell motility [42]. Tissue homeostasis, growth, and differentiation are indispensable for the Wnt signaling pathway [43]. Otherwise, aberrant Wnt signaling can lead to the abnormal development of a disease, and significantly influence the occurrence and progression of human cancers [17,44]. The first relation observed between the Wnt pathway and human cancer was due to initial recognition of mouse mammary oncogene int-1, which is regarded as a homolog of the Drosophila wingless (Wg) gene, bringing about the portmanteau family designation of 'Wnt' [45]. Constitutive activation of Wnt pathway, due to mutations of essential Wnt pathway genes, was considered as a feature of various human cancers including melanomas [46]. Moreover, some preceding studies investigated that activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway greatly effected the inhibition of melanoma cell proliferation and stimulated apoptosis [47,48].
In addition, the current study also revealed that increased miR-136 expression suppressed N-cadherin, but promoted mRNA and protein expressions of E-cadherin, which were outstanding hallmarks of EMT [49]. EMT development is affected by various factors such as interplay of miRNAs and aberrant activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway [50]. For instance, up-regulated miR-200a could suppress tumor cell growth, invasion, and EMT through increasing the expression of E-cadherin and reducing the expression of N-cadherin and β-catenin [51]. To conclude, miR-136 decreased in melanoma, while PMEL was highly active in melanoma and consequently affected the development and progression of melanoma by regulating Wnt expression. Thus, the identification of miR-136 down-regulating PMEL and the Wnt signaling pathway in melanoma may assist in unveiling and understanding the potential molecular mechanisms of melanoma and may aid in providing new prognostic markers for treating melanoma in the future. For complete understanding of the specific mechanisms of miR-136 targetting PMEL via Wnt signaling pathway, further studies are required.